The History Of Indonesia

History Of Indonesia

The first known hominid inhabitant of Indonesia was the so-called "Java Man", or Homo erectus, who lived here half a million years ago. Some 60,000 years ago, the ancestors of the present-day Papuans move eastward through these islands, eventually reaching New Guinea and Australia some 30-40,000 years ago. Much later, in about the fourth millennium B.C., they were followed by the ancestors of the modern-day Malays, Javanese and other Malayo-Polynesian groups who now make up the bulk of Indonesia's population. Trade contracts with India, China and the mainland of Southeast Asia brought outside cultural and religious influences to Indonesia. One of the first Indianized empires, known to us now as Sriwijaya, was located on the coast of Sumatra around the strategic straits of Malacca, serving as the hub of a trading network that reached to many parts of the archipelago more than a thousand years ago. On neighboring Java, large kingdoms of the interior of the island erected scores of exquisite of religious monuments, such as Borobudur, the largest Buddhist monument in the world. The last and most powerful of these early Hindu-Javanese kingdoms, the 14th century Majapahit Empire, once controlled and influenced much of what is now known as Indonesia, maintaining contacts with trading outposts as far away as the west coast of Papua New Guinea. Indian Muslim traders began spreading Islam in Indonesia in the eighth and ninth centuries. By the time Marco Polo visited North Sumatra at the end of the 13th century, the first Islamic states were already established there. Soon afterwards, rulers on Java's north coast adopted the new creed and conquered the Hindu-based Majapahit Empire in the Javanese hinterland. The faith gradually spread throughout archipelago, and Indonesia is today the world's largest Islamic nation. Indonesia's abundant spices first brought Portuguese merchants to the key trading port of Malacca in 1511. Prized for their flavor, spices such as cloves, nutmeg and mace were also believed to cure everything from the plague to venereal disease, and were literally worth their weight in gold. The Dutch eventually wrested control of the spice trade from Portuguese, and the tenacious Dutch East India Company (known by initials VOC) established a spice monopoly which lasted well into the 18th century. During the 19th century, the Dutch began sugar and coffee cultivation on Java, which was soon providing three-fourths of the world supply of coffee. By the turn of the 20th century, nationalist stirring, brought about by nearly three centuries of oppressive colonial rule, began to challenge the Dutch presence in Indonesia. A four-year guerilla war led by nationalists against the Dutch on Java after World War II, along with successful diplomatic maneuverings abroad, helped bring about independence. The Republic of Indonesia, officially proclaimed on August 17th, 1945, gained sovereignty four years later. During the first two decades of independence, the republic was dominated by the charismatic figure of Sukarno, one of the early nationalists who had been imprisoned by the Dutch. General (ret.) Soeharto eased Sukarno from power in 1967. Indonesia's economy was sustained throughout the 1970's, almost exclusively by oil export. The Asian financial crisis, which broke out in mid-1997, paralyzed the Indonesian economy with the rupiah losing 80% of its value against the US dollar at the peak of the turmoil. On May 21, 1998, Soeharto resigned after 32 years in power and was replaced by B.J. Habibie following bloody violence and riots. Indonesia held its first democratic election in October 1999, which put Abdurrahman 'Gus Dur' Wahid in the role of president.

Did You Know - The mystery behind the red and white Indonesian flag

Did You Know - The mystery behind the red and white Indonesian flag

joind post at Gielien.com : As we all know since the park or elementary school kanak2, that our country's flag is red and white flag (even his songs). But have we ever think or wonder? Why the Founders of this Nation chose the colors red and white? Why just plain red and white and there are no other images embel2 in the face of our flag? ..................... To know the answers to these questions, I am reminded of a speech Bung Karno, who is quite famous ... the jacket red (Do Once Forgetting History) And I soon re-open the history books, and found the answer in the era of the Majapahit Empire. Formerly Red and White Flag is also used by the largest Empire that once ruled this Southeast Asian as a very sacred flag of the Kingdom .... Red and White Flag is a beacon and unifying the archipelago padakala it .... It is said that the soldiers are required to swear allegiance Majapahit Empire to the death to protect where and whenever this is red and white flag. And according to people's beliefs Java (Javanese), Oath of the Majapahit empire soldier was continued until today. It could be said even though the soldiers Majapahit empire has long gone but his spirit (in the other world there) still haunt for Sang Saka Merah Putih protect our beloved ...... (because according to the beliefs of the ancient Javanese SWEAR that most forbidden because it binds people swear it ... and will not disappear even if we die tela ... whereas if the promise is still allowed ... because it still can be broken .... so what will become members of the MPR / DPR who swear it .... hehehehehe) So if we are waving or wearing red and white flag symbol, we will always be followed and maintained by the empire (according to the Javanese belief). And if you do not believe it .... try to look around you .... If you notice any construction of both houses, terraced or bridge gedung2 you must have seen the construction workers alias coolie, always put a red and white flag on a bamboo pole (if complete is usually accompanied with coconut and rice tied under the flag). This is intended to prevent catastrophe during the process of building construction (as protected by the soldiers majapahit). So do not be surprised if the accident was minimal, but the coolies safety procedures are usually cause for concern. If you still do not believe it .... well you can see the habits of the Java community, as they celebrate their birthday (usually in infants). A re usually made ​​of red and white pulp ... and usually are told to eat porridge (for the year to be protected and supported by the soldiers) If you still can not believe it too? you can see the north coast of Java nelayan2 want any on the south coast. They would not dare go to sea if the red-white flag not mounted (not by the police for fear ditangkep water huh? Hehehe). And why red and white? If you read about the book "how to see auras", in red and white is the color of the aura of the best ... where the ratio of red and white balance. If the two colors are balanced, then that person can produce a large energy ....... pemikiran2 Perhaps this is what underlies the Majapahit Empire and The founders of this nation chose red and white flag as a flag or Empire State ....... ( note: need diinget loh klo on Majapahit era of our ancestors .... thx apa2 make something must be imprisoned before and dapet wangsit ... Kris Ken Arok wrote Gandring Artificial MPU takes a year to be produced .... Red and White Flag didapet not recklessly .. and you will have to know how difficult the proclamations of the nation to achieve independence we have today,

15 unique things about the proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia

 15 unique things about the proclamation of the Republic of Indonesia

Did you know : Seventeen August 1945 is a great day of independence of Indonesia. On that date, 64 years ago is the most historic day in this country because that day was the beginning of the awakening of the people of Indonesia in the fight against colonialism as well as markers of the beginning of the revolution. However , there are some interesting things about our beloved country's independence day is a pity if you have not know. 1. Pain When Sukarno proclaimed the Independence
On August 17, 1945 08:00 (2 hours Prev reading text of the Proclamation), Bung Karno was still sleeping soundly in his room, at East 56th Street Pegangsaan, Cikini. He experienced the symptoms of benign tertian malaria. High body temperature and very tired after staying up with his companions draft manuscript proclamation in the house of Admiral Maeda. At that time, right in tengah2 fasting month of Ramadan.

"Pating greges" , lamented Dr. Sukarno once awakened Suharto, his favorite doctor. Then the blood flowed and downing pills chinineurethan intramusculair chinine bromine. Then he slept again. 0900, Bung Karno awakened. Dressed in white and meet her friend, Bung Hatta.
Promptly at 10:00, both of Indonesia declared its independence from the porch. "Therefore, brothers! We all have freedom! ", Said Bung Karno in the presence of a handful of true patriots. They then sang the national anthem while waving the flag of Red and White heritage. After the brief ceremony, the Bung Karno back to her bedroom, still feverish. But a revolution has begun ... 2. Proclamation of Independence Ceremony Made Very Simple Ceremony of the Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia was held without a protocol, no corps of music, there is no conductor, and no pancaragam. Flagpole was made ​​from bamboo stems are rough, and planted just a few minutes before the ceremony. But that's, fact which happened in a sacred ceremony that awaited for over 300 years! 3. Flag of Sheets Heritage The Red and White Flag is the first official flag of the Republic of Indonesia. But from what it was made ​​sacred flag? Whiteness of the bed linen cloth and red color of the fabric handyman soto! 4. Akbar Tanjung So the First Minister "People Indonesia Asli" After 43 years of independence, Indonesia has a new first minister that truly "indigenous Indonesian people". Because all the previous ministers were born before August 17, 1945. That means, they never became citizens or occupation of the Netherlands Indies and Japan, because the state law of the Republic of Indonesia does not yet exist at that time. "People Indonesia original" The first minister was Ir Akbar Tanjung (born in Sibolga, North Sumatra, August 30, 1945), as Minister of Youth and Sports in Development Cabinet (1988-1993). 5. Led by three Heads of State Borneo According to the Proclamation of August 17, 1945, Metro is an integral part of the jurisdiction of Indonesia. In fact, the island's most unique in the world. On the island, there are three heads of state that ruled! President Suharto (reigned four provinces), Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (Sabah and Sarawak) and Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (Brunei). 6. Setting Revolution in Indonesia Appointed Into Film There again the close relationship between August 17 ​​and Hollywood. Titles speech August 17, 1964, "Year of Living Perilocoso" (Year Full of Danger), has been used as the title of a movie - in English: "The Year of Living Dangerously". The film tells pegalaman an Australian journalist who was assigned to Indonesia in the 1960s, before the bloody events in detik2 th 1965. In 1984, a film starring Mel Gibson gets the Oscar for foreign film category! 7. Original Manuscript Found in Trash Proclamation of the original manuscript text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, handwritten by Bung Karno and Bung Hatta dictated by, it never owned and kept by the Government! Curiously, the historical manuscript is actually stored properly by the journalist BM Diah. Diah found the draft of the proclamation in the wastebasket in the house of Admiral Maeda, August 17, 1945 early morning, after being copied and typed by Sajuti Melik.Pada May 29, 1992, Diah submit the draft to President Soeharto, after saving for 46 years 9 months 19 days. 8. Passengers with Sukarno Bathing Water Art -felt sense in this world, only the founding fathers of Indonesia had a shower urine. When I got home from Dalat (Cipanasnya Saigon), Vietnam, August 13, 1945, with Sukarno Hatta, Dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat and Dr. Suharto (personal physician Bung Karno) fighter bomber boarded motorized double. On the way, Sukarno wanted to urinate, but there's no room. On second thought, sought a solution to an unbearable desire it. Seeing the tiny holes in the wall plane, that's where the Bung Karno releasing small lavatory. Because wind is so very loud, bersemburlah urine and wet all passengers. 9. Negatives Photo Film Independence Kept Under Trees Thanks to lie, sacred event Proclamation of August 17, 1945 can be documented and witnessed by us until now. When the Japanese army to seize the negative images that perpetuate such an important event, Frans Mendoer, photographer who recorded the seconds proclamation, lied to them. She says no negatives and it is left to the Pioneers Front, a movement of struggle. Hearing the answer, the Japanese were outraged. Though the film negatives were planted under a tree in the courtyard of King Asia Daily Office. After the Japanese left, the negative diafdruk published widely and can be enjoyed up until now. How about being honest Mendoer in Japan? 10. Bung Hatta Proclamation Lying By this time, Bung Hatta, who lied for the sake of the proclamation. Time period of revolution, Bung Karno, Bung Hatta ordered to ask for arms aid to Jawaharlal Nehru. Way to go to India were carried out in secret. Bung Hatta wearing a passport under the name "Abdullah, co-pilot". Then he set off with a plane piloted Biju Patnaik, an industrialist who later became cabinet minister in Morarji Desai PM. Bung Hatta was treated very respectfully by Nehru and invited to meet Mahatma Gandhi. Hatta Nehru was an old friend since the 1920s and know the struggles Dandhi Hatta. After the meeting, Gandhi was told by Nehru that "Abdullah" is Mohammad Hatta. What is Gandhi's reaction? He was furious to Nehru, because not told the truth. "You are a savage!" Said the charismatic leader was to Nehru. 11. Flag Red White and the Seven Celebrations Dozens Not Only in Indonesia Flag Red White and celebration of seventeen is not the monopoly of Indonesia. Flag pattern with shades of the flag of the Principality of Monaco and its independence day today with the proclamation of the Republic of Gabon (a West African countries) are independent August 17, 1960. In addition, there is still a debate whether Indonesia Raya song really merp WR Supratman original work, or 'inspired' by the French song "Les Marseilles", which has a very similar nada2. 12. No Name Street Soekarnp-Hatta Jakarta, Indonesia's independence proclamation place and city where the Bung Karno and Bung Hatta fight, not rewarding enough to remember the co-proclaimer Indonesia. Until this moment, there is no "Road Soekarno-Hatta" in the capital Jakarta. In fact, their names are never captured for an object of any public facility building until 1985, when an airport was inaugurated by wearing their name. 13. Proclaimers Only Oral degree degree degree Proklamator to Bung Karno and Bung Hatta , who was the title given the people of Indonesia spoken to him for 41 years! Therefore, the new 1986 Permerintah proclaimer formally confer the title to them. 14. Indonesi Probably Only Have More Than Two Proclaimers If only proposal received Bung Hatta, Indonesia would have "more than two" proclaimers. When the concept of the Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia completed manuscript compiled in the house of Admiral Maeda, Jl Imam Bonjol No. 1, Jakarta, Bung Hatta propose all those present at the meeting earlier that day signed the proclamation to be read in the morning. But the proposal was rejected by Soekarni, a youth in attendance. The meeting was attended by Soekarno, Hatta and proclaimers candidate who fails: Achmad Soebardjo, Soekarni and Sajuti Melik. "Huh, given the chance to make history not want to," grumbled Bung Hatta because his proposal was rejected. 15. General Sudirman Never sit on the Official Position of Indonesian National Armed Forces Commander General Sudirman, the reality has never held an official position in the cabinet RI. He never became Army Chief of Staff, Armed Forces Commander, even though the defense minister!

The Titanic history

The Titanic Story On that fateful night of April 14, 1912 there were 2,235 souls crowded aboard the R.M.S. Titanic.  There was no wind to speak of.  The frigid, dark sea was calm, like a plate glass mirror beneath the star-spangled heavens.  It was an hour before midnight on a starry, moonless night.  While the band played on beneath the decks in the first class lounge, and while the night watch paced the Bridge high above, the greatest maritime tragedy in the history of sailing, stealthily, silently awaited them in the ice-strewn midnight waters of the North Atlantic. Survivors recalled a gentle shudder that briefly shook the 900 foot long vessel.  It came and went so quickly that nobody gave it much of a second thought.  Except for the occupants of the Bridge–who in the split seconds before that collision, saw the towering iceberg ahead, floating in their unlighted pathway.  The helmsman swerved to miss the iceberg–but they would have been better off to have struck it head on.  In narrowly avoiding a head-on collision, they suffered an even worse fate!

Three-fourths of the iceberg lay unseen beneath the calm ocean surface.  When  the Titanic swerved, it brushed the iceberg's underside on the starboard side of the bow, slitting a quarter of an inch wide opening more than 300 feet down the side of the vessel.  Like a titanic can opener, the iceberg knifed open the side of the iron hull.  The damage was just enough to cause the metal plates to buckle so that six watertight compartments began taking in sea water. So scientifically had this great sailing ship been constructed, with 16 watertight compartments in a 1/6 mile long hull, that the captain had made a pre-voyage boast, "Not even God himself could sink her".  The builders had calculated that even if four of the compartments should burst, the ship would still float!  But on that starry night, six of them exploded and began to suck in the frigid water of the North Atlantic!  Mathematically, the "unsinkable ship" was mortally wounded.  And, in two hours she was gone.  Commander Lightoller, one of the few crew members who survived the tragedy, described the moment she sank. Of the 2235 occupants, 1522 met their death in those dark waters including most of the men, most of the third class, most of the crew, and all of the band.  Only 713 people were rescued. And the world lined up for hours to relive their tragic story in the most watched movie ever in human history.  Why? Could it be that Titanic is more than a tale about love and death of heart throbs Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio?  Could it be that there's a deep, subconscious sense the world over that this tragedy at the beginning of the 20th century was in fact a warning parable of an ominous unnamed tragedy that hangs like Damocles' sword over our planet, while we're partying to beat the band?